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<title>Help (command)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main">help (command)</span>

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<p>In <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b><code>help</code></b> is a <a href="Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">command</a> in various <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command line</a> <a href="Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shells</a> such as <code><a href="COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></code>, <code><a href="Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">cmd.exe</a></code>, <a href="Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a>, <a href="Qshell" title="Qshell">qshell</a>, <a href="4DOS" title="4DOS">4DOS</a>/<a href="4NT_(shell)" class="mw-redirect" title="4NT (shell)">4NT</a>, <a href="Windows_PowerShell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</a>, <a href="Singularity_(operating_system)" title="Singularity (operating system)">Singularity shell</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides <a href="Online_help" title="Online help">online information</a> about available commands and the shell environment.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2></div>

<p>The command is available in <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> such as <a href="Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Heath_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath Company">Heath Company</a> <a href="HDOS" title="HDOS">HDOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="CP/M_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="CP/M Plus">CP/M Plus</a>, <a href="DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a>, <a href="ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a>, <a href="IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="THEOS" title="THEOS">THEOS/OASIS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Zilog" title="Zilog">Zilog</a> <a href="Z80-RIO" title="Z80-RIO">Z80-RIO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Microware" title="Microware">Microware</a> <a href="OS-9" title="OS-9">OS-9</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Stratus_Technologies" title="Stratus Technologies">Stratus</a> <a href="Stratus_VOS" title="Stratus VOS">OpenVOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> <a href="HP_Multi-Programming_Executive" title="HP Multi-Programming Executive">MPE/iX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> <a href="VERSAdos" title="VERSAdos">VERSAdos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="KolibriOS" title="KolibriOS">KolibriOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also in the <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a><sup id="cite_ref-CMDref_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMDref-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operating systems. Furthermore it is available in the <a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> <a href="Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> <a href="DOSBox" title="DOSBox">DOSBox</a> and in the <a href="Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">EFI shell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, the command is part of the <a href="Source_Code_Control_System" title="Source Code Control System">Source Code Control System</a> and prints help information for the SCCS commands.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multics">Multics</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> <code>help</code> command prints descriptions of system commands/active functions and <a href="Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a>. It also prints various information about the system status, system changes, and other general information. This information is selected from segments maintained online, which are in a special format, called information segments. More than 800 information segments are available.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The DEC <a href="OS/8" title="OS/8">OS/8</a> <a href="Concise_Command_Language" title="Concise Command Language">CCL</a> <code>help</code> command prints information on specified OS/8 programs.<sup id="cite_ref-OS8.HandB_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS8.HandB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The <code>help</code> command is available in <a href="MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> 5.x and later versions of the software.<sup id="cite_ref-RUNNINGMSDOS_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The <code>help</code> command with a 'command' parameter would give help on a specific command.

If no arguments are provided, the command lists the contents of <code>DOSHELP.HLP</code>.

</p><p>In MS-DOS 6.x this command exists as <code>FASTHELP</code>.

</p><p>The MS-DOS 6.xx <code>help</code> command uses <a href="QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</a> to view a quickhelp <code>HELP.HLP</code> file, which contains more extensive information on the commands, with some hyperlinking etc. The MS-DOS 6.22 help system is included on <a href="Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a> CD-ROM versions as well.

</p>

<p>In <a href="PC_DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC DOS">PC DOS</a> 5 and 6 <code>help</code> is the same form as MS-DOS 5 <code>help</code> command.

</p><p>PC DOS 7.xx <code>help</code> uses <code>view.exe</code> to open OS/2 style <a href="INF_file" title="INF file">INF files</a> (<code>cmdref.inf</code>, <code>dosrexx.inf</code> and <code>doserror.inf</code>), opening these to the appropriate pages.

</p>

<p><a href="The_Software_Link" title="The Software Link">The Software Link</a>'s <a href="PC-MOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-MOS">PC-MOS</a> includes an implementation of <code>help</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the rest of the operating system, it is licensed under the <a href="GPL_v3" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL v3">GPL v3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>In <a href="DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a>, <code>help</code> is a <a href="Batch_file" title="Batch file">batch file</a> that launches DR-DOS' internal help program, <code>dosbook</code>.

</p>

<p><a href="Datalight" title="Datalight">Datalight</a> <a href="ROM-DOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM-DOS">ROM-DOS</a> includes an implementation of the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">help</code> command.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ROM-DOS was introduced in 1989 as an MS-DOS compatible operating system designed for embedded systems.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</h4></div>

<p>The <a href="FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a> version was developed by Joe Cosentino.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>The 4DOS/4NT <code>help</code> command uses a <a href="Text_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Text user interface">text user interface</a> to display the online help.

</p>

<p>Used without parameters, <code>help</code> lists and briefly describes every system command.

<a href="Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>-based versions use MS-DOS 5 style help. Versions before <a href="Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> also have a Windows help file (<code>NTCMDS.HLP</code> or <code>NTCMDS.INF</code>) in a similar style to MS-DOS 6.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PowerShell">PowerShell</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a>, <code>help</code> is a short form (implemented as a PowerShell function) for access to the <code>Get-Help</code> Cmdlet.

</p><p>Windows PowerShell includes an extensive, console-based help system, reminiscent of man pages in Unix. The help topics include help for cmdlets, providers, and concepts in PowerShell.

</p>

<p>In <a href="Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a>, the builtin command <code>help</code>'<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists all Bash builtin commands if used without arguments. Otherwise, it prints a brief summary of a command. Its syntax is:

</p>

<pre>help [-dms] [pattern]

</pre>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</h3></div>

<p>HELP is a <a href="DIGITAL_Command_Language" title="DIGITAL Command Language">DCL</a> utility that contains information on the use of commands and descriptions of some OpenVMS concepts such as time formats and lexical functions, as well as lists of commands for a particular purpose (HELP Hints).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2></div>

<p>The command-<a href="Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> is:

</p>

<pre>help [command]

</pre>

<p>Arguments:

</p>

<ul><li><b><code>command</code></b> This <a href="Command-line_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line argument">command-line argument</a> specifies the name of the command about which information is to be displayed.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DOSBox">DOSBox</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-doscon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="gp">Z:\></span>help

<span class="go">If you want a list of all supported commands type help /all .</span>

<span class="go">A short list of the most often used commands:</span>

<span class="gp"><DIR ></span> Directory View.

<span class="gp"><CD ></span> Display/changes the current directory.

<span class="gp"><CLS ></span> Clear screen.

<span class="gp"><COPY ></span> <span class="k">Copy</span> files.

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Python">Python</h3></div>

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<span class="go">Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.</span>

</span>

<span class="go">Welcome to Python 2.5! This is the online help utility.</span>

<span class="go">If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out</span>

<span class="go">the tutorial on the Internet at https://www.python.org/doc/tut/.</span>

<span class="go">Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing</span>

<span class="go">Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and</span>

<span class="go">return to the interpreter, just type "quit".</span>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GNU_Octave">GNU Octave</h3></div>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="hll">octave-3.0.0.exe:1> help

</span>

Help is available for the topics listed below.

Additional help for built-in functions and operators is

available in the on-line version of the manual. Use the command

`doc <topic>' to search the manual index.

...

</pre></div>

<ul><li><a href="Online_help" title="Online help">Online help</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_DOS_commands" title="List of DOS commands">List of DOS commands</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stratadoc.stratus.com/vos/19.1.0/r098-19/wwhelp/wwhimpl/common/html/r098-19.pdf">"Reference manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>stratadoc.stratus.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-14</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teamnaconsulting.com/compresources/pdfs/c01687363.pdf">MPE/iX Command Reference Manual</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/motorola/versados/M68KVSF_D7_VERSAdosSysFacilities_Oct85.pdf">M68000 Family VERSAdos System Facilities Reference Manual</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.kolibrios.org/wiki/Shell">"Shell - KolibriOS wiki"</a>. <i>wiki.kolibrios.org</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717041552/http://paleoferrosaurus.com/beta/documents/rt11help.html#HELP">"RT-11 HELP FILE"</a>. <i>paleoferrosaurus.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paleoferrosaurus.com/beta/documents/rt11help.html#HELP">the original</a> on 2018-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Pieper1987" class="citation book cs1">John F. Pieper (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsx11m.com/rsxguide.pdf"><i>RSX A Guide for Users</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Digital Equipment Corporation. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-932376-90-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809145058/http://scandocs.trailing-edge.com/tops10-aa-0916d-tb.pdf"><i>TOPS-10 Operating System Commands Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Digital Equipment Corporation. August 1980. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scandocs.trailing-edge.com/tops10-aa-0916d-tb.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-CMDref-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMDref_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809103116/http://www.textfiles.com/bitsavers/pdf/dec/pdp10/TOPS20/V6.1/AA-FP65A-TM_tops20CmdsRef.pdf">"TOPS-20 Command manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textfiles.com/bitsavers/pdf/dec/pdp10/TOPS20/V6.1/AA-FP65A-TM_tops20CmdsRef.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFI-Shells-and-Scripting_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/efi-shells-and-scripting/">"EFI Shells and Scripting"</a>. <a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoneywell_Bull,_Inc.1985" class="citation book cs1">Honeywell Bull, Inc. (Feb 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606144002/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/multics/AG92-06B_multicsCmds_Nov87.pdf"><i>Multics Commands and Active Functions (AG92-06)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/multics/AG92-06B_multicsCmds_Nov87.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jan 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OS8.HandB-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OS8.HandB_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Concise Command Language" (CCL).<cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/pdp8/os8/OS8_Handbook_Apr1974.pdf">"OS/8 Handbook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. April 1974<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RUNNINGMSDOS_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWolverton2003" class="citation book cs1">Wolverton, Van (2003). <i>Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition</i>. <a href="Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7356-1812-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/roelandjansen/pcmos386v501">"roelandjansen/pcmos386v501"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. 2 January 2022.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2018" class="citation web cs1">Jansen, Roeland (8 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/roelandjansen/pcmos386v501">"pcmos386v501: PC-MOS/386 v5.01 final release including cdrom driver sources"</a> – via GitHub.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datalight.com/assets/files/ROM-DOS_Users_Guide.pdf">"Datalight ROM-DOS User's Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.datalight.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/files/distributions/1.2/repos/pkg-html/help.html">"ibiblio.org FreeDOS Package -- Help (FreeDOS Base)"</a>. <i>www.ibiblio.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html">"Bash Reference Manual"</a>. <i>www.gnu.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWolverton1990" class="citation book cs1">Wolverton, Van (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/msdos00wolv"><i>MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference, 4th Revised edition</i></a></span>. <a href="Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1556152894</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKathy_IvensBrian_Proffit1993" class="citation book cs1">Kathy Ivens; Brian Proffit (1993). <i>OS/2 Inside & Out</i>. <a href="Osborne_McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Osborne McGraw-Hill">Osborne McGraw-Hill</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0078818714</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFrisch2001" class="citation book cs1">Frisch, Æleen (2001). <i>Windows 2000 Commands Pocket Reference</i>. <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-596-00148-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Guide_to_Windows_Commands" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Guide to Windows Commands">Guide to Windows Commands</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/help">help | Microsoft Docs</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Windows_command-line_programs_and_shell_builtins413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line</a> programs and <a href="Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecosystem</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">Interpreters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li>

<li><a href="Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li>

<li><a href="Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Terminal_emulator" title="Terminal emulator">Terminals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Windows Terminal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a> (chdir)</li>

<li><a href="Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">pushd</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ATTRIB" title="ATTRIB">attrib</a></li>

<li><a href="Cacls" title="Cacls">cacls</a></li>

<li><a href="Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact (computing)">compact</a></li>

<li><a href="Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">del</a> (erase)</li>

<li><a href="Deltree" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltree">deltree</a></li>

<li><a href="Cacls#icacls" title="Cacls">icacls</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a> (md)</li>

<li><a href="Mklink" class="mw-redirect" title="Mklink">mklink</a></li>

<li><a href="Openfiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Openfiles">openfiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Recover_(command)" title="Recover (command)">recover</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">ren</a> (rename)</li>

<li><a href="Replace_(command)" title="Replace (command)">replace</a></li>

<li><a href="Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a> (rd)</li>

<li><a href="Robocopy" title="Robocopy">robocopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Takeown" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeown">takeown</a></li>

<li><a href="XCOPY" title="XCOPY">xcopy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archiving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">expand</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">extrac32</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">extract</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">makecab</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">chkdsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Convert_(command)" title="Convert (command)">convert</a></li>

<li><a href="Disk_Defragmenter_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk Defragmenter (Windows)">defrag</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskcomp" title="Diskcomp">diskcomp</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskcopy" title="Diskcopy">diskcopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskpart" title="Diskpart">diskpart</a></li>

<li><a href="Diskraid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskraid">diskraid</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">diskshadow</a></li>

<li><a href="Drvspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Drvspace">drvspace</a></li>

<li><a href="Fdisk" title="Fdisk">fdisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Format_(command)" title="Format (command)">format</a></li>

<li><a href="Fsutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fsutil">fsutil</a></li>

<li><a href="Label_(command)" title="Label (command)">label</a></li>

<li><a href="BitLocker" title="BitLocker">manage-bde</a></li>

<li><a href="MSCDEX" title="MSCDEX">MSCDEX</a></li>

<li><a href="Refsutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Refsutil">refsutil</a></li>

<li><a href="SUBST" title="SUBST">subst</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">scandisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">vssadmin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Runas" title="Runas">runas</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">schtasks</a></li>

<li><a href="Shutdown_(computing)" title="Shutdown (computing)">shutdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Start_(command)" title="Start (command)">start</a></li>

<li><a href="Taskkill" class="mw-redirect" title="Taskkill">taskkill</a></li>

<li><a href="Tasklist" title="Tasklist">tasklist</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Registry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="File_association" title="File association">assoc</a></li>

<li><a href="Ftype" title="Ftype">ftype</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Registry#Command_line_editing" title="Windows Registry">regini</a></li>

<li><a href="Regsvr32" title="Regsvr32">regsvr32</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cmdkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cmdkey">cmdkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Graftabl" class="mw-redirect" title="Graftabl">graftabl</a></li>

<li><a href="Setver" class="mw-redirect" title="Setver">setver</a></li>

<li><a href="Title_(command)" title="Title (command)">title</a></li>

<li><a href="Where_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Where (command)">where</a></li>

<li><a href="Whoami" title="Whoami">whoami</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Edlin" title="Edlin">edlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Findstr" title="Findstr">findstr</a></li>

<li><a href="PRINT_(command)" title="PRINT (command)">print</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Choice_(command)" title="Choice (command)">choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">cscript</a></li>

<li><a href="DOSKEY" title="DOSKEY">doskey</a></li>

<li><a href="Forfiles" title="Forfiles">forfiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Pause_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pause (command)">pause</a></li>

<li><a href="Command-line_interface#Command_prompt" title="Command-line interface">prompt</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeout_(computing)" title="Timeout (computing)">timeout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">bitsadmin</a></li>

<li><a href="MAC_address" title="MAC address">getmac</a></li>

<li><a href="Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</a></li>

<li><a href="Ipconfig" title="Ipconfig">ipconfig</a></li>

<li><a href="Nbtstat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nbtstat">nbtstat</a></li>

<li><a href="Netsh" title="Netsh">netsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Netstat" title="Netstat">netstat</a></li>

<li><a href="Nslookup" title="Nslookup">nslookup</a></li>

<li><a href="PathPing" title="PathPing">PathPing</a></li>

<li><a href="Rpcping" class="mw-redirect" title="Rpcping">rpcping</a></li>

<li><a href="Route_(command)" title="Route (command)">route</a></li>

<li><a href="Setspn" class="mw-redirect" title="Setspn">setspn</a></li>

<li><a href="Ssh-agent" title="Ssh-agent">ssh-agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Ssh-keygen" title="Ssh-keygen">ssh-keygen</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">ssh-keyscan</a></li>

<li><a href="Traceroute" title="Traceroute">tracert</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Remote_Management" title="Windows Remote Management">winrm</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Remote_Management" title="Windows Remote Management">winrs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maintenance and care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auditpol" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditpol">auditpol</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispdiag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispdiag">dispdiag</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_Manager#Driverquery_command" title="Device Manager">driverquery</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">eventcreate</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">eventtriggers</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">gpresult</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">gpupdate</a></li>

<li><a href="Logman" class="mw-redirect" title="Logman">logman</a></li>

<li><a href="Mofcomp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mofcomp">mofcomp</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">msiexec</a></li>

<li><a href="NTBackup" title="NTBackup">ntbackup</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentium_FDIV_bug#Software_patches" title="Pentium FDIV bug">pentnt</a></li>

<li><a href="Pnpunattend" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnpunattend">pnpunattend</a></li>

<li><a href="Pnputil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnputil">pnputil</a></li>

<li><a href="REAgentC" class="mw-redirect" title="REAgentC">REAgentC</a></li>

<li><a href="Relog" class="mw-redirect" title="Relog">relog</a></li>

<li><a href="Sxstrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sxstrace">sxstrace</a></li>

<li><a href="Systeminfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Systeminfo">systeminfo</a></li>

<li><a href="Tpmtool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tpmtool">tpmtool</a></li>

<li><a href="Tpmvscmgr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tpmvscmgr">tpmvscmgr</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracerpt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracerpt">tracerpt</a></li>

<li><a href="Typeperf" class="mw-redirect" title="Typeperf">typeperf</a></li>

<li><a href="WBAdmin" title="WBAdmin">WBAdmin</a></li>

<li><a href="Wecutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Wecutil">wecutil</a></li>

<li><a href="Wevtutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Wevtutil">wevtutil</a></li>

<li><a href="Winmgmt" class="mw-redirect" title="Winmgmt">winmgmt</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">winsat</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boot management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bcdedit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bcdedit">bcdedit</a></li>

<li><a href="Bootcfg" title="Bootcfg">bootcfg</a></li>

<li><a href="Bootsect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootsect">bootsect</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixboot" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixboot">fixboot</a></li>

<li><a href="Fixmbr" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixmbr">fixmbr</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Break_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Break (command)">break</a></li>

<li><a href="Debug_(command)" title="Debug (command)">debug</a></li>

<li><a href="QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dpath" title="Dpath">dpath</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_DOS_commands" title="List of DOS commands">List of DOS commands</a></li>

<li><a href="Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">Environment variables</a></li>

<li><a href="Windows_Support_Tools" title="Windows Support Tools">Windows Support Tools</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins541" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Unix_command-line_interface_programs_and_shell_builtins541" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> programs and <a href="Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Chattr" title="Chattr">chattr</a></li>

<li><a href="Chmod" title="Chmod">chmod</a></li>

<li><a href="Chown" title="Chown">chown</a></li>

<li><a href="Chgrp" title="Chgrp">chgrp</a></li>

<li><a href="Cksum" title="Cksum">cksum</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuser_(Unix)" title="Fuser (Unix)">fuser</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li>

<li><a href="Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a></li>

<li><a href="Split_(Unix)" title="Split (Unix)">split</a></li>

<li><a href="Touch_(command)" title="Touch (command)">touch</a></li>

<li><a href="Umask" title="Umask">umask</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cron" title="Cron">crontab</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Logname" title="Logname">logname</a></li>

<li><a href="Uname" title="Uname">uname</a></li>

<li><a href="Write_(Unix)" title="Write (Unix)">write</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Basename" title="Basename">basename</a></li>

<li><a href="Csplit" title="Csplit">csplit</a></li>

<li><a href="Dirname" title="Dirname">dirname</a></li>

<li><a href="Iconv" title="Iconv">iconv</a></li>

<li><a href="Paste_(Unix)" title="Paste (Unix)">paste</a></li>

<li><a href="Patch_(Unix)" title="Patch (Unix)">patch</a></li>

<li><a href="Printf_(Unix)" title="Printf (Unix)">printf</a></li>

<li><a href="Strings_(Unix)" title="Strings (Unix)">strings</a></li>

<li><a href="Troff" title="Troff">troff</a></li>

<li><a href="Xargs" title="Xargs">xargs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">Shell builtins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">alias</a></li>

<li><a href="Environment_variable#unset_command" title="Environment variable">unset</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Searching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ctags" title="Ctags">ctags</a></li>

<li><a href="Strip_(Unix)" title="Strip (Unix)">strip</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Sleep_(command)" title="Sleep (command)">sleep</a></li>

<li><a href="True_and_false_(commands)" title="True and false (commands)">true and false</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Categories</b>

<ul><li>Standard Unix programs</li>

<li>Unix SUS2008 utilities</li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Help_(command)&oldid=1295413694">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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